The chemical composition of the
sapphire crystal alumina (α-Al2O3), is composed
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| sapphire crystal |
of three aluminum atoms and two oxygen atoms covalently type combination , the crystal structure of hexagonal crystal structure , as 2,3,4 shown . In terms of color , pure alumina is rendered transparent and colorless crystals , because of different color element ion penetration in the growing sapphire,thereby sapphire show different colors. When in nature when grown sapphire crystal containing titanium ions (Ti3 +) and iron ions (Fe3 +) , makes the crystal appear blue , and a blue sapphire (Blue Sapphire). When a crystal containing chromium ion (Cr3 +) , makes the crystal appear red, and a ruby (Ruby). And when the crystal containing nickel ions (Ni3 +) , the cause is yellow crystals , which become yellow sapphire . Table 1 lists the characteristics of sapphire table.
Sapphire crystal chemically very stable, generally insoluble in water and from acid , alkali etching , only at higher temperatures (300 ℃) for the hydrofluoric acid , phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide of melting erosion.
Sapphire crystal is very hard, as the Mohs hardness 9 , second only to the hardest diamond . It has good light transmission, thermal conductivity and electrical insulation, mechanical mechanical properties, and has the characteristics of abrasion and erosion . Sapphire crystal melting point of 2050 ℃, boiling point 3500 ℃, the maximum operating temperature up to 1900 ℃. Therefore, the sapphire crystal as an important technique that has been widely used in science and technology, defense and civilian industries in many areas .
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